![]() Results indicate increases in vmHRV with VSB, DURING, IM-AFTER1, and AFTER-INT. From the 1842 selected abstracts, 223 studies were suitable for inclusion (172 DURING, 16 IM-AFTER1, and 49 AFTER-INT). Specifically, we focus on HRV parameters indexing PNS activity regulating cardiac functioning, referred to as vagally-mediated (vm)HRV: (1) during the breathing session (i.e., DURING), (2) immediately after one training session (i.e., IM-AFTER1), as well as (3) after a multi-session intervention (i.e., AFTER-INT). We address this through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of VSB on heart rate variability (HRV). However, to date, no comprehensive quantitative review exists to support or refute this claim. Voluntary slow breathing (VSB) is used as a prevention technique to support physical and mental health, given it is suggested to influence the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). 8 Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne,Germany.6 Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.5 Experimental Psychology Unit, Helmut Schmidt University, Hamburg, Germany.4 INSERM, UMR-S 1075 COMETE, Normandie Université Caen, France.3 Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany Department of Social & Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.Electronic address: 2 Department of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. 1 Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany EA 4260, UFR STAPS, Normandie Université Caen, France.
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